第一部
第一章 在KGB長大的特務
老戈傑夫斯基的忠誠始終不曾動搖，即使他的信念要求他參與不可告人的罪行。一九三二年，他協助執行了哈薩克的「蘇維埃化」，策劃從農民手中徵收糧食，以供應蘇聯軍人及城市所需。大約一百五十萬人死於由此導致的饑荒。安東近距離目睹了這場國家一手造成的饑荒。
…the older Gordievsky never wavered in his devotion, even when his faith demanded that he take part in unspeakable crimes. In 1932, he helped enforce the “Sovietization” of Kazakhstan, organizing the expropriation of food from peasants to feed the Soviet armies and cities. Around 1.5 million people perished in the resulting famine. Anton saw state-induced starvation at close quarters.
在史達林疑神疑鬼的警察國家裡，舉發他人是最安全的保命之道。「寧可讓十個無辜者受苦，也不可放走一個間諜。」內務人民委員尼古拉．葉若夫(Nikolai Yezhou)說…
In Stalin’s paranoid police state, the safest way to ensure survival was to denounce someone else. “Better that ten innocent people should suffer than one spy get away,” said Nikolai Yezhov, chief of the NKVD.
但細看這一家人就會發現破綻，表象之下是一層層的欺瞞。安東．戈傑夫斯基從來不談他在饑荒、清洗及恐怖統治期間的所作所為。老戈傑夫斯基是「蘇維埃人」（Homo Sovieticus）的絕佳範例，是共產壓迫製造出來的順從國家公僕。但內裡的他卻懼怕、驚恐，或許還抱有罪惡感。歐列格後來逐漸把父親看成是一個「害怕的人」。
But on closer examination there were fissures in the family façade, and layers of deception beneath the surface. Anton Gordievsky never spoke about what he had done during the famines, the purges, and the terror. The elder Gordievsky was a prime example of the species Homo Sovieticus, an obedient state servant forged by Communist repression. But underneath he was fearful, horrified, and perhaps gnawed by guilt. Oleg later came to see his father as “a frightened man.
憑著農民根深柢固的常識，她理解到國家恐怖的反覆無常和睚眥必報，但選擇三緘其口。
With a peasant’s ingrained common sense, she understood the caprice and vindictiveness of state terror, but kept her mouth shut.
歐列格．戈傑夫斯基在一個關係緊密而慈愛，卻又充斥著欺瞞的家庭裡成長。安東．戈傑夫斯基尊崇共產黨，自詡為共產主義的無畏支持者，骨子裡卻是個渺小而驚恐的人，並親眼目睹過駭人的事件。理想的國安會妻子奧爾嘉．戈傑夫斯基，暗中對體制心存蔑視。歐列格的外婆偷偷敬拜著違法且被取締的上帝。家中的成人全都把真正的感受深藏不露 ── 不向彼此或其他人表達。在史達林俄國令人窒息的服從之中，私下相信不同的事物是有可能的，但誠實表達卻太過危險，就連對自己的家人說實話也一樣。從兒時開始，歐列格就看到了雙重人生是有可能的，可以既愛著身邊的人，又隱藏自己內在的真正自我；可以向外面的世界表現出一副樣貌，心中卻是另一回事。
Oleg Gordievsky grew up in a tight-knit, loving family suffused with duplicity. Anton Gordievsky venerated the Party and proclaimed himself a fearless upholder of Communism, but inside was a small and terrified man who had witnessed terrible events. Olga Gordievsky, the ideal KGB wife, nursed a secret disdain for the system. Oleg’s grandmother secretly worshipped an illegal, outlawed God. None of the adults in the family revealed what they really felt—to one another, or anyone else. Amid the stifling conformity of Stalin’s Russia, it was possible to believe differently in secret but far too dangerous for honesty, even with members of your own family. From boyhood, Oleg saw that it was possible to live a double life, to love those around you while concealing your true inner self, to appear to be one person to the external world and quite another inside.
國際關係學院是蘇聯最菁英的大學，亨利．季辛吉（Henry Kissinger）稱之為「俄國哈佛」。該校由蘇聯外交部經營，是外交官、科學家、經濟學家、政治人物最重要的訓練所 ── 間諜也是。戈傑夫斯基學習歷史、地理、經濟學和國際關係，當然，全被共產主義意識型態的扭曲稜鏡折射過。學院講授五十六種外語，比世界上任何一間大學都多。
The Institute of International Relations was the Soviet Union’s most elite university, described by Henry Kissinger as “the Russian Harvard.” Run by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it was the premier training ground for diplomats, scientists, economists, politicians—and spies. Gordievsky studied history, geography, economics, and international relations, all through the warping prism of Communist ideology. The institute provided instruction in fifty-six languages, more than any other university in the world.
十九歲那年，戈傑夫斯基開始學習越野路跑。這項運動獨自一人的本質吸引了他，在與自己的祕密競爭中，長時間的激烈節奏考驗著他的極限。歐列格可以是個熱愛交際的人，他令女性著迷，也善於打情罵俏；他的長相擺明了英俊瀟灑，頭髮從前額向後梳，五官開闊又頗為柔和；他熟睡時的表情看來嚴肅，但當他的眼神閃爍著黑色幽默，整張臉也都亮了起來。他在人群中往往愉悅又友好，內心卻藏著冷硬且不為人知的東西。他並不孤獨，也不是獨行俠，但獨自一人時更為自在。
At the age of nineteen, Gordievsky took up cross-country running. Something about the solitary nature of the sport appealed to him, the rhythm of intense exertion over a long period, in private competition with himself, testing his own limits. Oleg could be gregarious, attractive to women, and flirtatious. His looks were bluntly handsome, with hair swept back from his forehead and open, rather soft features. In repose, his expression seemed stern, but when his eyes flashed with dark humor, his face lit up. In company he was often convivial and comradely, but there was something hard and hidden inside. He was not lonely, or a loner, but he was comfortable in his own company.
國安會在外國運行兩種不同的間諜。第一種在官方身分掩護下工作，通常是蘇聯大使館或領事館人員、文化參事或軍方武官、特派記者或貿易代表。有外交人員身分做為保護，意味著這些「合法」間諜一旦行跡敗露，不能以間諜罪起訴，只能宣告為「不受歡迎人物」（persona non grata）驅逐出境。反之，「非法派遣」間諜（nelegal）沒有官方身分，通常使用假名，攜帶偽造文件旅行，無論派駐到哪一國，就是不露痕跡地融入當地。這些間諜在西方稱為「非官方身分掩護人員」（NOCs, Non-Official Cover）。國安會在世界各地布置非法派遣間諜，他們喬裝為一般公民，深藏不露，伺機顛覆。他們和合法間諜一樣蒐集情資、吸收特務，並實施多種形式的破壞。
The KGB ran two distinct species of spy in foreign countries. The first worked under formal cover, as a member of the Soviet diplomatic or consular staff, a cultural or military attaché, accredited journalist or trade representative. Diplomatic protection meant that these “legal” spies could not be prosecuted for espionage if their activities were uncovered, but only declared persona non grata and expelled from the country. By contrast, an “illegal” spy (nelegal, in Russian) had no official status, usually traveled under a false name with fake papers, and simply blended invisibly into whatever country he or she was posted to. (In the West such spies are known as NOCs, standing for non-official cover.) The KGB planted illegals all over the world, who posed as ordinary citizens, submerged and subversive. Like legal spies, they gathered information, recruited agents, and conducted various forms of espionage.
戈傑夫斯基驚恐又敬畏地看著東德工人將邊界沿線的街道拆除，讓車輛無法通過，同時，軍隊張開了數英里長的帶刺鐵絲網。有些東德人意識到自己的逃亡路線正在迅速封閉，他們奮力翻越路障，或試圖游過邊界地帶的運河，不顧一切爭取自由。衛兵則沿著邊境部署，奉命射殺任何試圖由東德越界前往西方的人。這道新建的圍牆，讓二十二歲的戈傑夫斯基留下了強烈印象：「唯有建立一道實體屏障，並由瞭望塔裡的武裝衛兵增援，才能留住社會主義天國裡的東德人，阻止他們逃往西方。」
Gordievsky watched in horrified awe as East German workers tore up the streets alongside the border to make them impassable to vehicles and troops unrolled miles of barbed wire. Some East Germans, realizing that their escape route was closing fast, made desperate bids for freedom by clambering over the barricades or attempting to swim the canals that formed part of the border. Guards lined up along the frontier with orders to shoot anyone attempting to cross from East to West. The new wall made a powerful impression on the twenty-two-year-old Gordievsky: “Only a physical barrier, reinforced by armed guards in their watchtowers, could keep the East Germans in their socialist paradise and stop them fleeing to the West.”
兩兄弟一同觀賞了《耶誕神劇》（Christmas Oratorio）演出，歐列格「深受感動」。相形之下，俄國似乎是「一片心靈沙漠」，只聽得到官方許可的作曲家創作，像巴哈這樣「階級敵對」的教會音樂，被認為是頹廢的資產階級音樂而遭到查禁。
The brothers attended a performance of the Christmas Oratorio, which left Oleg “intensely moved.” Russia seemed “a spiritual desert” by comparison, where only approved composers could be heard, and “class hostile” church music, such as Bach’s, was deemed decadent and bourgeois, and banned.
回到捷克後不久，卡普蘭寫了封信給戈傑夫斯基。在關於自己約會的女人，以及哪天戈傑夫斯基造訪，他們將會一同享有的美好時光（「我們會把布拉格所有酒吧和酒窖都清空」）等等閒聊中，卡普蘭提出了一個意味深長的請求：「歐列格，你手上會不會有葉夫圖申科［Yevgeny Yevtushenko］寫史達林那首詩的那份《真理報》？」他提到的那首詩是葉夫圖申科的〈史達林的繼承人們〉（Heirs of Stalin），這是俄國最敢言、最有影響力的其中一位詩人對史達林主義的直接抨擊。
Soon after his return to Czechoslovakia, Kaplan wrote a letter to Gordievsky. In among the gossip about the girls he had met and the fine time they would have together if his friend came to visit (“We’ll empty all the pubs and wine cellars in Prague”), Kaplan made a highly significant request: “Oleg, might you have a copy of Pravda with Yevtushenko’s poem about Stalin?” The poem in question was “Heirs of Stalin” by Yevgeny Yevtushenko, a direct attack on Stalinism by one of Russia’s most outspoken and influential poets.
但其實，卡普蘭正在向好友發送一段用密碼寫成的共謀訊息，他要確認兩人都享有葉夫圖申科表述的這種看法，而且和這位詩人一樣，面對史達林的遺緒不會袖手旁觀。
But in reality Kaplan was sending a coded message of complicity to his friend, an acknowledgment that they shared the sentiments expressed by Yevtushenko and, like the poet, would not remain inactive in the face of Stalin’s legacy.
戈傑夫斯基和另外一百二十名國安會見習軍官，在這兒被傳授了蘇聯間諜工作最深刻的奧祕：情報與反情報、吸收及運行間諜、合法情報人員與非法派遣人員、特務與雙重間諜、武器、徒手格鬥及監控，全都是這個不可思議行業的深奧技藝與語言。其中一些最重要的指導在於察覺及擺脫監控，在國安會術語裡稱為「乾洗」（proverka）：如何發現自己被跟蹤，並「看似偶然而非刻意地」躲避監控，因為明顯能察覺到監控的目標，很可能就是受過訓練的情報人員。
“Here Gordievsky and 120 other trainee KGB officers would be inducted into the deepest secrets of Soviet spycraft: intelligence and counterintelligence, recruiting and running spies, legals and illegals, agents and double agents, weapons, unarmed combat and surveillance, the arcane arts and language of this strange trade. Some of the most important instruction was in surveillance detection and evasion, known as “dry-cleaning,” or proverka in KGB jargon: how to spot when you were being followed and dodge surveillance in a way that would appear accidental rather than intentional, since a target that is obviously “surveillance aware” is likely to be a trained intelligence operative.
西方間諜用語中，情報官或特務採取行動而不被察覺，稱為「走黑」（go “black”）。
In Western spy parlance, an officer or agent operating undetected is said to have gone “black.”
戈傑夫斯基學會了如何在公共場合留下隱密記號，藉此建立「信號點」（signal site），例如路燈柱上的一道粉筆記號。這種記號對不經意的觀看者並無意義，卻是告知間諜在特定時間地點見面的信號；他學會如何進行「電刷觸碰」（brush contact），實體將訊息或物品傳遞給另一個人而不被察覺；他也學會如何進行「無人情報交換」（dead-letter drop），在特定地點留下訊息或現金讓另一人取得，而不直接接觸。他學到了代碼和密碼、識別信號、祕密書寫、微點製劑、攝影及易容術；還有經濟學與政治學課程，以及意識型態講授，以強化這些青年間諜對馬克思列寧主義的奉獻。
Oleg learned how to set up a “signal site,” a secret sign left in a public place—a chalk mark on a lamppost for example—that meant nothing to a casual observer but would tell a spy to meet at a certain place and time; how to make a “brush contact,” physically passing a message or item to another person without being spotted; how to make a “dead-letter drop,” leaving a message or cash at a particular spot to be picked up by another without making direct contact. He was taught codes and ciphers, recognition signals, secret writing, preparation of microdots, photography, and disguise. There were classes on economics and politics, as well as ideological tuition to reinforce the young spies’ commitment to Marxism-Leninism.
蘇聯與西方情報部門運用同一種方法選擇假名 ── 必須近似於真名，姓名縮寫相同，因為這樣一來，要是有誰用真名稱呼你，只知道你化名的人很有可能會以為自己聽錯。
Soviet and Western intelligence services used the same method for choosing a pseudonym—it should be close to the real name, with the same initial letter, because that way if a person addressed you by your real name, someone who only knew you by your spy name might well assume he or she had misheard.
戈傑夫斯基沒能在某個令人嚮往的外國地點從事臥底工作，反而成天在整理文件，「像個槳帆船上的划槳奴隸」那樣填寫表格。每個非法派遣人員都需要一個假形象和一個有說服力的背景故事，新的身分由完整傳記和偽造文書構成。每個非法派遣人員都必須獲得供給、指示及資助，這需要一整套信號點、無人情報交換和電刷觸碰的複雜安排。
Instead of going undercover in some glamorous foreign location, Gordievsky found himself shuffling paper, “a galley slave” filling out forms. Each illegal required a fake persona, with a convincing backstory, a new identity with complete biography and forged paperwork. Each illegal had to be sustained, instructed, and financed, requiring a complex arrangement of signal sites, dead drops, and brush contacts.
活著的鬼魂在中心裡四處出沒，他們是年邁的蘇聯間諜行動英雄。在S局的走廊上，戈傑夫斯基被引見給了科倫．特羅菲莫維奇．莫洛迪（Konon Trofimovich Molody），化名「戈登．朗斯代爾」（Gordon Lonsdale）的他，是史上最成功的非法派遣特務之一。一九四三年，國安會盜用了一個名叫戈登．阿諾德．朗斯代爾（Gordon Arnold Lonsdale）的加拿大死亡男童身分，將這個身分給了在北美洲長大、英語說得無懈可擊的莫洛迪。一九五四年，莫洛迪／朗斯代爾在倫敦定居，喬裝成一名友善快活的自動點唱機和糖果機推銷員，並吸收了一個蒐集海軍機密、人稱「波特蘭間諜網」（Portland Spy Ring）的線民網絡。（他離開莫斯科前，國安會的牙醫在他的牙齒上多鑽了幾個不必要的洞，這意味著莫洛迪只要張開嘴，就能向其他蘇聯間諜指出國安會製造的蛀洞，以證明自己的身分。）
The Center was stalked by living ghosts, heroes of Soviet espionage in their dotage. In the corridors of Directorate S, Gordievsky was introduced to Konon Trofimovich Molody, alias “Gordon Lonsdale,” one of the most successful illegals in history. In 1943, the KGB had appropriated the identity of a dead Canadian child named Gordon Arnold Lonsdale and given it to Molody, who had been raised in North America and spoke faultless English. Molody/Lonsdale settled in London in 1954 and, posing as a jovial salesman of jukeboxes and bubblegum machines, recruited the so-called Portland spy ring, a network of informants gathering naval secrets. (A KGB dentist had drilled several unnecessary holes in his teeth before he left Moscow, which meant Molody could simply open his mouth and point out the KGB-made cavities to confirm his identity to other Soviet spies.)
但名聲最響亮的那位半退休蘇聯間諜，卻是個英國人。金姆．菲爾比（Kim Philby）一九三三年被內務人民委員部吸收，在軍情六處步步高升，同時提供蘇聯國安會大量情報，最後在一九六三年一月叛逃至蘇聯，令英國政府持續蒙受奇恥大辱。他這時居住在莫斯科的一間舒適公寓裡，由隨扈照顧，照一位國安會軍官的說法，「他是個徹頭徹尾的英國人」，從《泰晤士報》舊報紙上閱讀板球比分、享用牛津橘子醬，而且經常爛醉如泥。國安會內部將菲爾比尊為傳奇人物，他也繼續為蘇聯情報機構做些零工，包括為使用英語的軍官主講訓練課程、分析偶發案件，甚至幫忙為蘇聯冰上曲棍球代表隊加油打氣。
But the most famous Soviet spy in semiretirement was British. Kim Philby had been recruited by the NKVD in 1933, rose up the ranks of MI6 while feeding vast reams of intelligence to the KGB, and finally defected to the Soviet Union in January 1963, to the deep and abiding embarrassment of the British government. He now lived in a comfortable flat in Moscow, attended by minders, “an Englishman to his fingertips,” as one KGB officer put it, reading the cricket scores in old copies of The Times, eating Oxford marmalade, and frequently drinking himself into a stupor. Philby was revered as a legend within the KGB, and he continued to do odd jobs for Soviet intelligence, including running a training course for English-speaking officers, analyzing occasional cases, and even helping to motivate the Soviet ice hockey team.
任何人只要願意費心看得更深（沒幾個俄國人願意），國安會的神話與真實之間的對比都是不證自明。中心是個一塵不染、燈光明亮、不講道德的官僚機構，同時又是個無情、拘謹、禁欲的地方，國際罪行在這裡以一絲不茍的留心細節而構想出來。自從草創伊始，蘇聯情報機構的行事就不受倫理約束。國安會除了蒐集與分析情報，也組織政治作戰、媒體操控、散播假訊息、偽造、威嚇、綁架和謀殺。第十三部即「特別任務局」，專門從事破壞和暗殺。同性戀在蘇聯是非法行為，但國安會吸收同性戀者誘騙同性戀的外國人，以便隨後敲詐勒索。國安會理直氣壯地不顧原則，卻也是個假正經、偽善又道學的地方。
To anyone who cared to look closely (and few Russians did), the contrast between the myth and reality of the KGB was self-evident. The Center was a spotlessly clean, brightly lit, amoral bureaucracy, a place at once ruthless, prissy, and puritanical, where international crimes were conceived with punctilious attention to detail. From its earliest days, Soviet intelligence operated without ethical restraint. In addition to collecting and analyzing intelligence, the KGB organized political warfare, media manipulation, disinformation, forgery, intimidation, kidnapping, and murder. The Thirteenth Department, or the “Directorate for Special Tasks,” specialized in sabotage and assassination. Homosexuality was illegal in the USSR, but homosexuals were recruited to entrap gay foreigners, who could then be blackmailed. The KGB was unapologetically unprincipled. Yet it was a prudish, hypocritical, and moralistic place.
國安會對員工的家事安排抱持著擾人的興趣，因為蘇聯人的生活裡沒有「私」字。軍官們被指望結婚、生兒育女，並保持已婚身分。這既是算計，也是控制手段：上級認為已婚的國安會軍官更不可能在駐外時叛逃，因為他的妻子和家人可以被扣為人質。
The KGB took an intrusive interest in the domestic arrangements of its employees, for no life was private in the Soviet Union. Officers were expected to get married, have children, and stay married. There was calculation as well as control in this: a married KGB officer was considered less likely to defect while abroad, since his wife and family could be held as hostages.
戈傑夫斯基得到了管理丹麥臥底間諜網的工作。他欣然接受任務，正如一九三三年金姆．菲爾比被內務人民委員部吸收之後的說法：「我毫不猶豫。沒有人會對一支菁英部隊吸收自己的提議三思。」
Gordievsky was offered the job, managing a network of undercover spies in Denmark. He accepted with alacrity and delight. As Kim Philby observed after he was recruited into the KGB in 1933: “I did not hesitate. One does not look twice at an offer of enrollment in an elite force.